Kennel Cough Treatment & Prevention

Overview

Kennel cough, medically known as infectious tracheobronchitis, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads rapidly wherever animals gather — boarding facilities, dog parks, grooming salons, and shelters. The name comes from its association with kennels, where close contact between dogs makes transmission almost inevitable.

In cats, a similar syndrome can occur, often caused by overlapping pathogens like Bordetella bronchiseptica. Cats in shelters or multi-cat households are most at risk. While feline cases are far less common and usually milder, they deserve the same prompt attention as canine cases.

Most healthy adult animals recover fully with appropriate care. However, puppies, kittens, senior pets, and immunocompromised animals can develop serious complications, including pneumonia.

Causes

Kennel cough is rarely caused by a single pathogen. Instead, it is typically the result of mixed infections involving several microorganisms that work together to irritate and inflame the trachea and bronchi.

The most common culprits include:

• Bordetella bronchiseptica — the primary bacterial agent, strongly associated with the disease.
• Canine parainfluenza virus — a highly contagious viral component that frequently acts alongside Bordetella.
• Canine adenovirus type 2 — another viral contributor linked to respiratory illness.
• Canine respiratory coronavirus — increasingly recognized as a contributing factor.
• Mycoplasma species — bacteria that can complicate and prolong infections.

Transmission occurs primarily through direct contact with an infected dog, airborne respiratory droplets, or contact with contaminated surfaces. The incubation period is typically 3 to 10 days.

Dogs with compromised immune systems, puppies, senior dogs, and flat-faced breeds are at higher risk for severe illness.

Symptoms

The hallmark symptom of kennel cough is a persistent, harsh, hacking cough — often described as a "goose honk." It may sound like something is stuck in the throat.

Other common symptoms include:

• Retching or gagging (especially after excitement or exercise)
• A dry, non-productive cough
• Mild fever in some cases
• Lethargy or reduced energy
• Runny nose or nasal discharge
• Sneezing
• Loss of appetite (in more severe cases)

Most healthy adult dogs recover within 1 to 3 weeks. However, in puppies, elderly dogs, or immunocompromised pets, the infection can spread to the lungs and develop into pneumonia — a serious complication requiring prompt veterinary care.

Treatment Options

Home care for mild cases:

Most healthy adult dogs recover from kennel cough with minimal intervention. Keep your dog comfortable, well-hydrated, and resting. Use a humidifier to soothe irritated airways. Avoid exposure to smoke, dust, or strong fragrances.

When to see a vet:

Contact your veterinarian if your dog shows signs of pneumonia (rapid breathing, difficulty breathing, bluish gums), refuses to eat, has a high fever, or if symptoms persist beyond 10–14 days.

Veterinary treatment may include:

• Antibiotics (such as doxycycline or amoxicillin-clavulanate) to treat secondary bacterial infections
• Cough suppressants (like torbafosine or butorphanol) to reduce discomfort
• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce throat swelling
• Nebulization therapy in severe cases

Prevention:

• The Bordetella vaccine (intra-nasal, oral, or injectable) is the most effective prevention — especially important for dogs that visit boarding facilities, dog parks, or grooming salons.
• Keep sick dogs away from other dogs until fully recovered.
• Clean food and water bowls, toys, and kennel surfaces regularly.
• Avoid crowded, poorly ventilated areas during outbreaks.